Reporting people’s words and thoughts
🟢 ۱. چی هست این “reported speech” اصلاً؟
Reported Speech یعنی اینکه حرف یا فکر یه نفر دیگه رو «نقل» یا «گزارش» میکنی، ولی نه به صورت مستقیم، بلکه با جملهبندی خودت.
✴️ مثال ساده:
- 🔹 جملهی مستقیم (direct):
She said, "I'm tired."➝ او گفت: «من خستهام.» - 🔸 جملهی غیرمستقیم (reported):
She said that she was tired.➝ او گفت که خسته است.
🟠 ۲. ساختار کلی reported speech
| بخش اول | بخش دوم |
|---|---|
| reporting clause She said / He told me / I thought… | reported clause (that) she was tired / he had left… |
📌 فرمول کلی:
[فاعل + فعل گزارشدهنده] + (that) + جملهای که اون فرد گفتهمثال:
- He said (that) he didn’t know the answer. ➝ او گفت که جواب را نمیدانست.
- She explained (that) she was busy. ➝ او توضیح داد که سرش شلوغه.
کلمهی "that" اختیاریه. اگه نذاری هم اشکالی نداره.
🔴 ۳. اگر بخوای همون جمله رو عیناً نقل کنی چی؟
اون موقع از quotation marks (نقل قول) استفاده میکنی. بهش میگن direct speech:
"I'll call you tomorrow," she said.تو داستانها هم گاهی اینطوری مینویسن:
"Are you okay?" asked John.
"Yes, I’m fine," she replied.⚫ ۴. زمان فعلها در reported speech چجوری عوض میشن؟
اگه گزارشدهیت در زمان گذشته باشه، معمولاً زمان جمله هم میره یه زمان عقبتر:
| زمان اصلی (direct) | زمان در reported |
|---|---|
| present simple | past simple |
| past simple | past perfect |
| will | would |
| can | could |
| is doing | was doing |
| has done | had done |
مثالها:
- "I work hard." → He said he worked hard.
- "I went there." → She said she had gone there.
- "I will help." → He said he would help.
❌ ۵. جملههای منفی در reported speech
وقتی طرف چیزی رو نفی کرده، یا ما میخوایم گزارش منفی بدیم، جملهمون هم باید منفی باشه.
✴️ مثال:
- He said, "I didn’t go to school." → He said he hadn’t gone to school.
- She didn’t tell me where she was. → او به من نگفت کجا بوده.
⚠️ ۶. با بعضی افعال (مثل: believe, think, want...) منفی توی قسمت اول میاد!
مثال:
- "I don’t expect he’ll come." → She didn’t expect him to come.
📌 افعال رایج که معمولاً منفی در قسمت اول میاد:
believe | think | expect | suppose | want | plan | intend | feel🟣 ۷. سوالها در reported speech چطور میشن؟
✅ الف) سوالهای wh- دار
فرمول:
Subject + asked / wanted to know... + wh-word + subject + verbمثال:
- She asked, "Where are you going?" → She asked where I was going.
- I asked, "What’s the problem?" → I asked what the problem was.
✅ ب) سوالهای yes/no:
اینجا از if یا whether استفاده میکنیم:
- He asked, "Do you like pizza?" → He asked if I liked pizza.
- She asked, "Is he here?" → She asked whether he was there.
🟤 ۸. وقتی if / whether داریم، دیگه do / did / does استفاده نمیکنیم.
مثال:
- ❌ She asked if did I like it.
- ✅ She asked if I liked it.
✍️ جمعبندی نکات مهم
| ساختار | فرمول | مثال |
|---|---|---|
| جمله خبری | said (that) + جمله | She said she was busy. |
| جمله منفی | said (that) + جمله منفی | He said he didn't go. |
| با افعال خاص | didn’t + expect + to-infinitive | She didn’t expect him to come. |
| سوال wh | asked + wh + subject + verb | He asked where I lived. |
| سوال yes/no | asked + if/whether + subject + verb | He asked if I liked coffee. |
📖 داستان آموزشی: The Job Interview
Sara had a job interview last week.
After it ended, she called her friend Lily and said,
“I think I did really well.”
Lily asked, “Did they ask you about your past jobs?”
Sara replied, “Yes, they asked me where I had worked before.”
Then Lily asked, “Do you expect to get the job?”
Sara said, “I hope they’ll call me soon.”
Later, Lily told her mom:
“Sara said that she thought she had done well.”
“She said they had asked her where she had worked.”
“And when I asked if she expected to get the job, she said she hoped they would call her.”
🟥 ترجمه فارسی:
سارا هفته گذشته یک مصاحبه کاری داشت.
بعد از اینکه تموم شد، به دوستش لیلی زنگ زد و گفت:
«فکر میکنم خیلی خوب انجامش دادم.»
لیلی پرسید: «ازت درباره شغلهای قبلیت پرسیدن؟»
سارا جواب داد: «بله، پرسیدن قبلاً کجا کار کردم.»
بعد لیلی پرسید: «فکر میکنی اون شغل رو بگیری؟»
سارا گفت: «امیدوارم زود باهام تماس بگیرن.»
بعداً، لیلی به مامانش گفت:
«سارا گفت فکر میکرد که خوب انجامش داده.»
«گفت که ازش پرسیدن قبلاً کجا کار کرده بود.»
«و وقتی من ازش پرسیدم آیا انتظار داره اون شغل رو بگیره، گفت امیدوار بود باهاش تماس بگیرن.»
حالا وقتشه با درسی که الان یاد گرفتیم بریم چند تا تست بزنیم که مهارت خودمون رو در این درس بسنجیم.
1. She said that she ______ busy.
2. He told me that he ______ to call me.
3. They said they ______ the movie.
4. I asked her where she ______ from.
5. He asked me if I ______ the test.
6. She said she ______ be late.
7. They asked what time the train ______.
8. I wanted to know where he ______ the money.
9. She said she ______ to travel abroad.
10. He said he ______ English.
11. I asked him if he ______ my message.
12. She told me she ______ sick the day before.
13. They said they ______ to the park that morning.
14. He said he ______ his homework already.
15. I asked her what she ______ doing.
16. She asked me if I ______ help her.
17. He asked who ______ the window.
18. They told us they ______ the news.
19. I asked them where they ______ going.
20. She told me ______ worry.