Other ways of adding information to noun phrases 1: additional noun phrases, etc
🎯 یعنی چی؟ اصلاً این گرامر چیه؟
گاهی توی جمله میخوای اطلاعات بیشتری راجع به یه چیز یا یه نفر بدی؛ مثلاً:
- یه توضیح دیگه دربارهی اون چیز اضافه کنی
- یا بگی کیه، چیه، چهجوریه، مال کجاست و...
این کار رو میتونی با جملههای موصولی (مثل who, which, that) انجام بدی،
اما راههای دیگهای هم هست که خیلی طبیعی، سریع و کاربردی هستن.
بیاید دونهدونه با مثال یاد بگیریم.
🟢 1. اضافه کردن یک عبارت اسمی (noun phrase)
ساختار:
[اسم] + , + [اطلاعات بیشتر در قالب یک عبارت اسمی]
مثال:
• Dr. Alex Parr, director of the State Museum, is retiring.
دکتر الکس پار، مدیر موزه ایالتی، بازنشسته میشه.
• A hooded cobra, one of the world’s most dangerous snakes, escaped the zoo.
یک کبری کلاهدار، یکی از خطرناکترین مارهای دنیا، از باغوحش فرار کرد.
🟢 2. اضافه کردن با اسم شخص یا کشور یا موقعیت
مثال:
• My friend Mia has moved to Sweden.
(نه "my friend, Mia," که رسمیتره؛ اینجا منظور فقط یکیه)
• The current champion is expected to face the Italian Silvia Farina.
قهرمان فعلی قراره با سیلویا فارینای ایتالیایی رقابت کنه.
🟠 3. اضافه کردن با “and/or” phrase
برای ترکیب چند ویژگی مربوط به یه اسم، میتونیم از and / or استفاده کنیم.
مثال:
• Kurt Svensson, teacher and well-known concert pianist, is here.
(یعنی معلمه و نوازنده پیانوی مشهوره)
🔴 4. اضافه کردن با namely
namely یعنی «یعنی بهطور خاص».
برای روشنتر کردن اطلاعات قبلی استفاده میشه.
مثال:
• This side effect of the drug, namely weight gain, can be controlled.
این عارضه دارو، یعنی اضافه وزن، قابلکنترله.
🟣 5. استفاده از جملههای فعلی -ing / -ed / being
اینها روشهای خیلی طبیعی و رایج برای اضافه کردن اطلاعات هستن.
-ing clause:
people living next door = the people who live next door
-ed clause:
the man arrested yesterday = the man who was arrested yesterday
مثالها:
• The people living in this house are from Italy.
مردم ساکن این خونه اهل ایتالیا هستن.
• The pictures taken by the photographer are amazing.
عکسهایی که گرفته شده فوقالعادهان.
• The prisoners being released are all under 30.
زندانیانی که در حال آزاد شدن هستن، همشون زیر ۳۰ سالان.
🟡 6. استفاده از مصدر to + verb
وقتی بخوای اطلاعات اضافهای بدی با هدف یا کاربرد.
مثال:
• I need a book to read.
یه کتاب لازم دارم برای خوندن.
• I thought that the plan to increase staff was great.
فکر کردم طرحی برای افزایش کارمند عالیه.
✏️ خلاصه جدول:
| نوع | شکل | مثال |
|---|---|---|
| noun phrase | اسم + توضیح | Mia, my friend |
| and/or phrases | اسم + and + توضیح | my brother and teacher |
| namely | namely + info | namely heart disease |
| -ing clause | people living there | people who live there |
| -ed clause | books written by her | books that were written |
| to-infinitive | a book to read | کتابی برای خوندن |
📖 داستان انگلیسی با استفاده از همه این ساختارها
📘 Story: My Neighbor, a Man with Many Stories
My neighbor Mr. Raymond, a retired police officer, is someone I admire deeply.
He owns a red Volvo, made in 1995, parked in front of his house every day.
Mr. Raymond, kind and funny, often tells us stories about his old cases,
many of which are hard to believe.
The people living near him, especially children, love him.
He has a room filled with books, and always offers us something to read.
Last week, he told us a story about a thief, namely Jimmy "One-Hand" Lewis,
who escaped a prison being guarded by twenty officers.
Mr. Raymond’s stories, told with such passion, never get old.
حالا وقتشه با درسی که الان یاد گرفتیم بریم چند تا تست بزنیم که مهارت خودمون رو در این درس بسنجیم.
1. Dr. Smith, ______ of the biology department, will retire next month.
2. A tiger, ______ in the local zoo, escaped last night.
3. The woman ______ by the police has been released.
4. The boy ______ the window ran away.
5. I need a topic ______ about.
6. His jacket, ______ and dirty, was left on the bench.
7. The students ______ next to me are from Germany.
8. The virus, ______ by scientists last year, has now mutated.
9. My cousin, ______ a teacher and a writer, just published a book.
10. He bought a car ______ for long journeys.
11. We need someone ______ computers well.
12. The proposals — ______ by the board — were accepted.
13. She is one of the few people ______ I trust.
14. The street, ______ with lights, looked magical.
15. This book, ______ by millions, is a bestseller.
16. I found a café ______ students can study quietly.
17. He has a room ______ with musical instruments.
18. A chef, ______ in France, opened a restaurant here.
19. The lecture, ______ for two hours, was exhausting.
20. We visited the village ______ my grandparents were born.